Crows

Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)

Identification: American crow — large, all-black bird, 17–21 inches with a wingspan of 33–39 inches. Entirely glossy black including bill, legs, and eyes. Fan-shaped tail distinguishes it from the larger common raven (wedge-shaped tail), which is uncommon in Middle Tennessee. The familiar harsh "caw" call is the primary field identification. Fish crow (Corvus ossifragus) also occurs in the region and is nearly identical — distinguished by its higher-pitched, nasal "uh-uh" double call and slightly smaller size. Year-round resident with large winter roosts forming in urban areas.

Life cycle: Breeds March through June with a single clutch of 3–6 eggs in a large stick nest placed in a tree fork 20–70 feet up. Highly social — non-breeding helper birds assist at nests. Winter roosts can number thousands to tens of thousands of birds in urban areas and are among the most problematic noise and fouling issues in Tennessee towns.

Damage signs: Roost accumulations produce heavy droppings that damage vehicles, structures, and turf beneath trees. Noise from large roosts is a persistent nuisance in residential areas from November through March. Corn, vegetable garden, and newly seeded turf depredation by foraging flocks. Refuse and compost scattering. Nest interference on other bird species.

Treatment window: Winter roost dispersal efforts are most effective in November before roosts become entrenched. Garden and seeded-turf protection is needed from late summer through fall.

UT-recommended approach: Roost dispersal combines pyrotechnics (propane cannons, distress call playback) with laser deterrents applied consistently at dusk over multiple nights to break roost fidelity. Physical exclusion of individual planting beds with bird netting protects newly seeded areas. Crows are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act but can be taken under a USDA depredation order in specific agricultural contexts.