Core aeration is the only thing that relieves compaction without destroying the lawn to get there. Everything else that genuinely loosens soil, tillage or a full renovation, kills the grass on the way through. So when a lawn is truly compacted, cores are the correct tool, and I am not going to pretend otherwise. Plenty of people say aeration does nothing for compaction. That is not right either.
The two qualifiers are density and duration. Research measures cultivation in cores per square foot, not in passes, and K-State puts effective cultivation at 15 to 30 cores per square foot. A single pass with a commercial spoon aerator delivers roughly half that or less, so it takes two or three passes to move anything an instrument can read. I laid out the core-density numbers and the studies here. Duration is where our clay gets a vote. The holes close in weeks, not seasons, because clay swells, settles, and takes its old shape back.
Then there is the part nobody selling a March aeration mentions. Genuinely destructive compaction is uncommon in a lawn. Root channels, soil biology, and the freeze-thaw cycling a Zone 6b to 7a winter delivers all work against it continuously. Real compaction is almost always something people did: the same feet, tires, or paws crossing the same ground over and over. In Bellevue that is the house that hosts in the backyard every other weekend, the kid running drills on the same patch from March to November, the dog run worn down the fence line. Those lawns get genuine value out of a spring pass on top of a fall one, and on those I run two or three passes instead of one, because core density is the entire point. Everything else in Devonshire or Brookmeade that feels hard underfoot in August is heavy clay behaving like heavy clay, and cores will not turn it into loam.